Nuclear🔗

Encourage or discourage building nuclear power plants. Nuclear power production does not release carbon dioxide, but it produces harmful nuclear waste.

Examples🔗

Discouraging nuclear:

• Public information campaigns to raise public concerns about the risks of nuclear power.
• Policies to retire existing nuclear power plants.

Encouraging nuclear:

• Government policies aimed at handling nuclear waste and reducing costs of nuclear power.
• Corporate efforts to promote public acceptance of nuclear power plants.

Big Messages🔗

• Nuclear has not benefited from the significant cost reductions that wind and solar energy have experienced in the last decade, so it remains a relatively expensive option. Nuclear energy expansion continues, however, and can become more competitive with renewables and new zero-carbon technology through subsidies and/or a technological breakthrough. See the “Marginal Cost of Electricity Production” graph to examine this further.

• It could be part of a suite of climate actions if one is willing to accept the environmental costs – e.g., handling waste materials and the risk of radiation damage near the plants.

Key Dynamics🔗

• Impact. As you subsidize nuclear, watch Nuclear (light blue) grow, and Coal (brown) and Natural Gas (dark blue) decrease in the “Global Sources of Primary Energy” graph. Nuclear displaces some fossil fuel sources, which keeps more carbon in the ground and helps reduce temperature modestly.

• “Crowding Out.” Nuclear competes with all sources of electricity available, so notice also what happens to Renewables (green) when nuclear is incentivized—it decreases. Learn more.

• Delays. It takes time for the subsidies and encouragement of nuclear to show up in installed capacity. Subsidies are phased in over 10 years and nuclear plants take a while to plan and construct, so note in the “Nuclear Primary Energy Demand” graph that the Current Scenario does not immediately differ from the Baseline.

• Electrification to increase impact. Incentivizing electrification of buildings & industry and transport enables electricity from nuclear to replace fuel (such as oil). Learn more.

Potential Co-Benefits of Discouraging Nuclear🔗

• Risk of exposure to radiation from a nuclear meltdown or hazardous waste is reduced.
• Nuclear energy can use more water than coal for electricity production, so discouraging nuclear power can increase water security and help protect wildlife habitats, biodiversity, and ecosystem services.¹
• Nuclear energy is fueled by uranium which can be harmful to mine, so discouraging nuclear energy can reduce risks to miners.

Equity Considerations🔗

• Nuclear power plants, uranium mines (which provide the fuel for nuclear power), and waste sites are often located in low-income, marginalized communities that often lack resources to advocate for stricter environmental regulations and oversight.²
• Mining uranium poses significant health risks to miners as well as surrounding communities due to water contamination and toxic waste.

Videos🔗

Nuclear

Slider Settings🔗

The Nuclear slider is divided into 5 input levels: highly discouraged, discouraged, status quo, more encouraged, and highly encouraged. The slider combines the effects of taxes and subsidies into a single value, with positive numbers indicating a net tax and negative numbers indicating a net subsidy, relative to the levelized cost. At 0%, nuclear energy is either not being taxed or subsidized, or the taxes and subsidies offset each other so that the net effect is zero. To adjust taxes and subsidies separately, enable “use detailed settings” in the Nuclear advanced view.

The following table displays the numerical ranges for each input level of the Nuclear slider. To see what the setting means in dollars per kWh, view the “Marginal Cost of Electricity Production” graph under Graphs > Financial.

The Nuclear price adjustment slider is expressed as a percentage of the levelized cost to produce the nuclear energy. The levelized cost includes the upfront cost to build the facility, spread over its lifetime, plus ongoing costs such as fuel, maintenance, and operation.

Nuclear energy is currently subsidized in many parts of the world, reflected in the “status quo” setting of a 30% subsidy. If you want to simulate the removal of these subsidies, move the main slider to 0%, or in the advanced view, enable “use detailed settings” and move the “Nuclear subsidy” slider to 0%. Read more in the explainer on energy supply subsidies and taxes in En-ROADS.

Model Structure🔗

This sector tracks several stages of nuclear power plants, or energy supply capacity: capacity under development, under construction, and actually producing energy, including delays between each stage.

FAQs🔗

• How do I simulate the deployment of small modular reactors (SMRs)? The best way to simulate SMRs in En-ROADS is using the New Zero-Carbon slider rather than the Nuclear slider. Read more here.

• Explainer: Energy subsidies and taxes in En-ROADS

Please visit support.climateinteractive.org for additional inquiries and support.

Footnotes

[1]: Union of Concerned Scientists. (2013, July). How it Works: Water for Nuclear.

[2]: Kyne, D., & Bolin, B. (2016). Emerging Environmental Justice Issues in Nuclear Power and Radioactive Contamination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(7), 700.